What are the actual (correct) versions of the .Net Framework?

What are the correct version numbers for the .NET Framework? What came out when?

This question is primarily to aid those who are searching for an answer using an incorrect version number, e.g. ".NET 4.5.5". The hope is that anyone failing to find an answer with the wrong version number will find this question and then search again with the right version number.

via Chebli Mohamed